Essential Literature
Ross et. al. 2004
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Conclusion:
It appears that SMT is not as accurate as once assumed. Perhaps the clinical response is the result of the fact that, in most cases, many cavitations occur during a single manipulative procedure. By this “shotgun” approach, the offending joints are manipulated and the patient responds. On the other hand, a general mechanical effect on tissues near the symptomatic site may be sufficient to produce effects. Whatever the case, techniques used to “target” treatment to a joint may not be necessary, but if accuracy is required, other techniques may need to be used.
Gregory Cramer et al. 2006
Conclusion:
The summaries of the literature for the 6 topic sections (anatomy, biomechanics, somatic nervous system, animal models, immune system, and human studies related to the autonomic nervous system) indicated that a significant body of basic science research evaluating chiropractic spinal adjusting has been completed and published.
Bereznick et. al. 2002
Conclusion:
The skin–fascia interface over the thoracic spine exhibits negligible friction. This suggests that efforts to apply an oblique force during thoracic manipulation may be wasted effort. These novel results then challenge the concept that directional specificity during spine manipulation is required to generate desirable therapeutic outcome.
Bruno et.al. 2014
Conclusion:
Classification schemes for the PHE test and ASLR test based on the presence or absence of specific “abnormal” lumbopelvic motion patterns demonstrated substantial inter-rater agreement. Although the specificity of these schemes also appears to be relatively high, their sensitivity was found to be relatively poor.
Kibsgard et. al. 2014
Conclusion:
In patients with PGP the movements in the SIJs during the single-leg stance are small and almost undetectable by the precise RSA method. We measured a mean rotation of 0.5° on both the standing- and hanging-legs SIJs, and no translation was detected.
Arab AM et. al. 2009
Conclusion:
This study showed fair to substantial reliability for the individual motion palpation or pain provocation tests. Our data demonstrated moderate to substantial intra- and inter-examiner reliability for clusters of motion palpation or pain provocation tests. Considering excellent reliability for composites of motion palpation together with pain provocation tests from this study, it seems that composites of them could be used as a reliable method for SIJ assessment in clinical practice.
Adam Goode et. al. 2008
Conclusion:
Based on the current available literature, motion at the SIJ
is limited to minute amounts of rotation and of translation that we feel may be sub-clinically detectable. (Less than 2 mm) Current clinical methods utilizing palpation for diagnosing SIJ pathology have been found to be unreliable and invalid in the literature and may have limited clinical utility.
Brian S. Foley MD 2006
Conclusion:
The literature on sacroiliac joint (SIJ) pain is complex and controversial. There is a growing interest in musculoskeletal care and in interventional pain management that necessitates an understanding of relevant anatomy and physical examination techniques. This article reviews the currently available literature regarding SIJ pain and dysfunction. The growing knowledge of injections, conservative therapies, and surgeries also are reviewed.
Bengt Sturesson MD, Alf Uden PhD 2000
Conclusion:
The small movements registered support the theory of form and force closure in the sacroiliac joints. The self-locking mechanism that goes into effect when the pelvis is loaded in a one-leg standing position probably obstructs the movements in the sacroiliac joints. Therefore, the standing hip flexion test cannot be recommended as a diagnostic tool for evaluating joint motion in the sacroiliac joints.
Tulber et al. 1998
Conclusion:
Manipulation of the sacroiliac joint normalized different types of clinical test results but was not accompanied by altered position of the sacroiliac joint, according to roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis. Therefore, the positional test results were not valid. However, the current results neither disprove nor prove possible beneficial clinical effects achieved by manipulation of the sacroiliac joint. Because the supposed positive effects are not a result of a reduction of subluxation, further studies of the effects of manipulation should focus on the soft tissue response.
Determining Cavitation Location During Lumbar and Thoracic SMT
Basic Science Research Related Chiropractic Spinal Adjusting
The Frictional Properties at the Skin-Fascia interface
Motion Palpation and Pain Provication Tests For Sacroiliac Joint
Three-Dimensional Movements of the Sacroiliac Joint 
Sacroiliac Joint Pain anatomy, Biomechanics, diagnosis, and treatment.